9 Visuospatial, executive functioning, short-term memory, attention/concentration/working memory, language, and orientation are the cognitive domains assessed by the tool. MoCA is a brief cognitive function assessment tool with 12 items developed by Nasreddine et al in 2005. 4, 8 This warrants the development of new tools or testing the available ones for their applicability in low educated and highly diverse populations of LMICs. Many of the currently available cognitive screening tools were developed in the socioeconomically developed settings. 3, 6 Availability of such the screening tools would enable service providers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) to identify the disorder and direct effective interventions. The need for such tools is even more pronounced in the developing countries with a significant gap in human, material, and facility resources to effectively identify those with the dementia. For this reason, brief and effective screening tools have been developed over the years. However, all these may not always be available, especially in resource limited settings. 5Įffective diagnosis and identification of the disorder and its treatment require extensive evaluations, diagnostic procedures, imaging, and laboratory tests. 4 A study in Ethiopia reported a 43.8% prevalence of Dementia among older adults among whom22.9% were reported to have moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment. 1–3 Globally, it is estimated that around 55 million people live with Dementia, which is the seventh leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Major neurocognitive disorder (Dementia) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by progressive decline in the cognitive functioning. Keywords: major neuro-cognitive disorder, validity and reliability, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, EthiopiaĬognition is one of the most complex functions of the human brain that incorporates language, attention, orientation, memory, judgment, abstract reasoning, problem-solving, praxis, and executive function. It can be incorporated into the clinical and research practices in developing countries. The tool also has good concurrent and construct validities.Ĭonclusion: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool was a reliable and valid tool to detect major neurocognitive disorder. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values of MoCA are 87.18%, 74.03%, 3.35, 0.17, 63%, and 91.9%, respectively. The optimal cutoff value was ≤ 21, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment has an area under curve value of 0.89. The inter-rater reliability value was 0.96, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.79. The mean age of the study participants was 69.87 ± 7.8. Results: The study had a 100% response rate. Statistically significance was declared at a p-value of < 0.05. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed, and inter-rater, internal consistency reliabilities, content, criterion and construct validities were determined. Data were analyzed using STATA v16 statistical software. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for major neurocognitive disorders was used as a gold standard. Methods: One hundred and sixteen randomly selected older adults in Ethiopia were involved in a cross-sectional study. Purpose: This study was designed to assess the reliability and validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool to detect major neurocognitive disorders among older people in Ethiopia. Screening for major neurocognitive disorders can be helpful in designing and implementing early interventions. Beniam Daniel, 1 Liyew Agenagnew, 1 Abdulhalik Workicho, 2 Mubarek Abera 1ġDepartment of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 2Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaĬorrespondence: Beniam Daniel, Tel +251923289326, Email īackground: Cognition is one of the most complex functions of the human brain, and major neurocognitive disorders affect this function causing a wide array of problems in an individual’s life.
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